Raffles Hospital Singapore

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Patients who experienced injuries as a result of accidents are the main candidates for a CT scan. Also, for the patients who are thought to be suffering from cancer, CT can be performed to locate the tumor.

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A Chest X-Ray is recommended for individuals that have a chronic cough or fever, chest pain or a shortness of breath. The x-ray can find the reason for these symptoms.

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MRI scanner is beneficial in identifying health problems such as:
• Different types of cancer, for example, lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, etc. Also, by performing an MRI scan, doctors can identify the type of cancer and its spread.
• Bone problems. 
• Medical conditions related to soft tissue. 
• Prostate diseases. 
• Spinal injuries, including cervical spine MRI and lumbar spine MRI.

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Recommended for women over 40 as it is recommended that women should get annual mammograms beginning at age 40.

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PET scan is recommended for cases of clinical suspicion, prevention, early diagnosis of neoplastic diseases, identifying and localizing tumors, detecting metastases, measuring the effectiveness of a treatment, to designate the exact location for radiotherapy and many other uses like cardiology, infectious diseases, etc.

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Septoplasty surgery is recommended for patients with a deviated nasal septum that impedes breathing. The septoplasty procedure can also be combined with rhinoplasty if the surgeon considers it appropriate. Septoplasty and rhinoplasty can be performed at the same time in order to improve the aesthetics and functionality of the patient's nose (septorhinoplasty).

Patients with breathing problems caused by enlarged turbinates can have turbinate reduction surgery and septoplasty surgery for a better effect.

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The following conditions usually require tonsillectomy surgery:

● The patient suffers from severe, chronic or recurring tonsillitis  ● The patients suffer from complications of enlarged tonsils 
● Tonsillectomy surgery is suggestedif the patient’s tonsils are bleeding 
● Antibiotics are ineffective in treating tonsillitis 

If one of the following conditions is present, tonsillectomy is performed to relieve the patient.
● Cancerous tissue on one or both of the tonsils 
● Recurrent bleeding from the tonsils

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Corneal transplant surgery or corneal transplantation has many indications, including:

● Optical – the procedure can improve the patient’s eyesight by removing and replacing any tissue affected by diseases such as keratitis, dystrophy, corneal degeneration, keratoglobus.
● Reconstructive – the procedure is performed to preserve the corneal integrity in patients suffering from descemetoceles or stromal thinning. It can also be used to reconstruct the eye after corneal perforation due to blunt trauma.
● Therapeutic indications – corneal transplant surgery may be performed in order to remove inflamed corneal tissue which cannot be healed through the use of antibiotics.
● Cosmetic indications – corneal transplantation can improve the aesthetics of patients with corneal scars which often leads to a whitening of the eyes.

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Patients suffering from myopia or short-sightedness can benefit greatly from LASIK eye surgery. LASIK is also a solution for patients that suffer from hyperopia and astigmatism.

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Photorefractive Keratectomy or PRK eye surgery can be performed for the patients who are:

● Over 18 years old
● Patients who are not pregnant during the operation
● Suffering from myopia with dioptres between -1.00 and -12.00
● Suffering from a stable refraction error – it has not changed for at least 12 months
● Patients with a complete understanding of the procedure and its results
● Patients who have a pupil that’s 6 mm or less

Also, PRK surgery is suggested for patients who are suffering from hyperopia or astigmatism as well.

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For the patients who are over 40 and need glasses or contact lenses for reading, and still experience problems in focusing on smaller objects or texts, presbyopia treatment is advised.

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For the patients who are suffering from the listed conditions, bone marrow transplant practice is recommended:

● Adrenoleukodystrophy
● Acute leukemia
● Aplastic anemia
● Chronic leukemia
● Hodgkin's lymphoma
● Inborn errors of metabolism
● Plasma cell disorders
● Immune deficiencies

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From several reasons for partial or total stomach evacuation, the most well-known can be exampled as: 
•Tumor 
•Some types of stomach cancer 
•Polyps and ulcers

 •Using partial stomach removal as a weight-loss treatment

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The patients who suffer from several heart diseases such as constant heart attacks and heart failure are the candidates for heart transplantation. In such cases, a heart transplant operation can prolong the life of patients with good living standards.

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This surgery is recommended for females and males who have inguinal hernia repair failure symptoms and were diagnosed with any type of inguinal hernia.

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A Kidney transplant operation, otherwise called a renal transplant, is suggested for patients experiencing a final-phase renal illness.

There are various health circumstances that may result in a final-phase renal illness, involving: 

● Infections
● Malicious hypertension
● Diabetes mellitus
● Polycystic kidney illness

Diabetes is the most widely recognized reason for final-phase liver illness. Around 25% of renal transplant patients experience the ill effects of diabetes.

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A liver transplantation technique is suggested for people experiencing liver disease in the end phase of acute liver failure. 

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For the patients who are suffering from Type 1 Diabetes pancreas transplant surgery is suggested since these patients are more at risk of experiencing severe complications as a result of the disease.

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For any female patient who wants to repair their hymen, hymenoplasty can be performed.

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Hysterectomy surgery is prescribed for women experiencing one or more of the following medical problems:

● Uterine fibrosis which can show bleeding, pain or other medical problems
● Uterine prolapsed – sliding of the uterus into the vaginal canal 
● Cancer of the ovaries, cervix or uterus 
● Endometriosis 
● Chronic pelvic pain 
● Adenomyosis – a thickening of the uterus 
● Abnormal vaginal bleeding 

Hysterectomy surgery for non-cancerous health problems is just thought to be after all other treatment options have failed.

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Vaginoplasty surgery or vaginal rejuvenation surgery is recommended for women suffering from: 

● Congenital diseases such as vaginal hypoplasia 
● Physical trauma related to giving birth 

● Vaginal laxity after childbirth
● Cancer 

● Sexual dysfunction because of the separating of muscles and lack of tone
● Chronic labial irritation from tight clothing, sports or sex n.

Transgender candidates can also benefit from a vaginoplasty procedure, as part of their sex transition.

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An article by Aman Dua and Kapil Dua reveals that hair transplant procedures are not recommended for patients suffering from spot baldness, patients with insufficient hair at the donor site (the back of the head) or female patients suffering from diffuse pattern balding, as this condition tends to affect the donor area as well, making hair follicles unusable.

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IVF is recommended for patients or couples that cannot or are having troubles in conceiving naturally. Reduced fertility or ovarian function in women over the age of 40, blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, uterine fibroids, male infertility, such as low sperm count or abnormalities in sperm shape or unexplained infertility are the main reasons to start an IVF process. Same-sex couples and single individuals are also good candidates for IVF treatment. 

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Even though all the females can have a health assessment, specifically it is highly recommended for the patients who are over 40. Yet, it can be beneficial for female patients under 40 to have a health checkup so as to keep track of their wellbeing. 

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It is recommended to have health checkups once a year regularly so as to evaluate one's general medical condition. Also, patients who are experiencing unexplained or nonspecific symptoms should have a health assessment as well. In addition, a health checkup is frequently performed before the employment selection in order to understand if a person's health condition is eligible for the job or before applying for life insurance or health insurance.

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Although it’s not a relatively new procedure, DBS can only be used in certain cases where medication therapy has failed to alleviate symptoms. DBS can be used to treat the following conditions:

● Parkinson’s disease
● Essential tremor
● Dystonia
● Chronic pain
● Major depression
● Obsessive compulsive disorder

Deep brain stimulation is also currently being tested as treatment for the following conditions:

● Epilepsy
● Tourette syndrome

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For patients who are suffering from listed diseases, brachytherapy is recommended:

● Eye cancer 
● Brain cancer 
● Breast cancer 
● Bile duct cancer 
● Cervical cancer 
● Endometrial cancer 
● Head and neck cancer 
● Lung cancer 
● Esophageal cancer 
● Pancreatic cancer 
● Prostate cancer 
● Skin cancer 

● Rectal cancer 
● Vaginal cancer 

Brachytherapy procedure can be performed only, or it can be combined with other treatment techniques such as cancer surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.

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For the patients who are suffering from any kind of cancer or other diseases, chemotherapy treatment is recommended. In some cases, chemotherapy drugs are administered before or after cancer operation to remove any remnants of the diseased cancer cells.

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Gamma knife surgery is recommended for patients suffering from the following conditions:

● Trigeminal neuralgia
● Pineal region tumors
● Skull base tumors
● Craniopharyngiomas
● Pituitary adenomas
● Gliomas
● Acoustic neuromas
● Meningiomas
● Small or medium-volume intracranial arteriovenous malformations
● Metastatic tumors

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The most common symptoms of this condition are swelling of the lymph nodes, loss of appetite and weight loss. In addition, a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma may experience night sweats and intense itching. Nevertheless, the only way to diagnose is a biopsy.

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Candidates are all the people who experience symptoms of lung cancer and diagnosed oncologist. Lung cancer symptoms involve chronic coughing, changed coughing (if you are a smoker and cough from occasionally due to your addiction), changed voice tone and weight in addition to bone pain, which may be due to lung cancer diffusing to backbones.

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Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treatment candidates are all people who show signs of suffering from this disease and underwent examination by oncologist which reaffirmed the diagnosis. Most common non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms include:
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Night sweats

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For the patients who were diagnosed with cancer, an oncology consultation is suggested.

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For the patients who are suffering from cancer or who have tumors, radiation therapy, or is recommended. Also, depending on the kind of cancer, radiation therapy can be performed before or after cancer surgery as well as in combination with chemotherapy.

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When different kinds of cure for bunions are inadequate, union surgery is a necessity. Merely initial phases of foot bunion are treatable via bunion treatment without operation. In later phases, bunion operation is regarded as inevitable. If you experience foot pain and cannot aid by yourself, it is essential to look for assistance from a podiatrist (foot specialist) for your foot wellbeing.

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Patients who suffer from carpal tunnel syndrome can be the candidates.

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Hip replacement surgery is recommended if one or more of the following options are available: 

● Osteoarthritis 
● Rheumatoid arthritis 
● Avascular necrosis 
● Hip fractures  ● Certain bone tumors 
● Traumatic arthritis

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Knee arthroscopy is performed to identify the problem in the knee and if it is possible to deal with knee injuries. If it is not possible for the doctors to identify the problem without the operation for the patients who are suffering from knee pain and abnormal changes in their knees, these patients can be suitable for knee arthroscopy. The following conditions can be identified and dealt with by performing a knee arthroscopy:
• torn meniscus 
• Cysts in one’s knee 
• Fractures appearing in the knee bones 
• Torn cartilage pieces 
And many others.

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Because of the pressure put on the knee ligaments while doing sports, many sports players experience ACL injuries or other types of knee ligament injury. Yet, not only sports players suffer from ACL injuries. In the first examination, doctors analyze the knee and choose to perform the knee arthroscopy operation to understand the damage and suggest an alternative knee injury treatment accordingly.

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Knee replacement surgery is recommended for patients suffering from: ● Rheumatoid arthritis ● Psoriatic arthritis ● Knee structure deformity from trauma or disease ● Ligament tears ● Cartilage tears ● Meniscus tears

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The symptoms of a torn meniscus are a pain, swelling, popping. Additionally, the lack of ability to appropriately move the knee is regarded as a symptom. For specialists searching for a torn meniscus, MRI is the best alternative among diagnostic techniques. 

Candidates for meniscus surgery are generally sportsmen who can’t let themselves a long meniscus tear recovery time without surgery and who would prefer not to endanger that not handled meniscus injury will result in restricting their physical skills. Consequently, they choose for meniscus operation via arthroscopic surgery.

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Majority of the candidates are athletes performing sports, for instance, volleyball, baseball, polo, rugby, and others. This is due to the accentuation put on by utilizing arms, and consequently, make available conditions for shoulder tendonitis along with rotator cuff tear.

In shoulder tendonitis, tendons of shoulder crash into each other and cause microdamage that may give rise to rotator cuff tear with time.

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Candidates of shoulder arthroscopy operation are individuals with shoulder pain of unidentified source or individuals who endured shoulder injuries which are likely to be fixed with arthroscopic surgery.

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Brachioplasty surgery, also known as arm lift surgery, is recommended for any patient dissatisfied with the look or shape of their upper arms, especially for those with significant upper arm skin laxity.

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Body lift surgery or body contouring surgery is usually recommended for patients who have undergone bariatric surgery or lost a significant amount of weight. Any individual with excess sagging skin and tissue around different parts of the body can benefit from body contouring surgery or body lift surgery. The procedure can also help individuals with cellulite, especially if they cannot get rid of cellulite with the alternative treatments such as regular exercises, firming body lift kits or body creams such as Clarins body lift cellulite control. 

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Brazilian butt lift or bbl surgery is recommended for individuals dissatisfied with the size or shape of buttocks. This type of procedure usually improves the size of the buttocks area but also the curvature, as the surgeon can inject the harvested fat in a precise manner, leading to a more aesthetically pleasing result.

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Mastopexy is recommended for any patient is bothered by the feeling that their breast has lost shape and volume. 

Breast sagging or ptosis is part of the natural aging process, but several factors influence the degree to which breasts sag. 

There are several types of ptosis, depending on the severity according to Regnault's classification published by Paula Regnault in 1976: 

• Grade I – Mild ptosis
• Grade II – Moderate ptosis
• Grade III – Advanced ptosis
• Grade IV – Severe ptosis

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Breast reduction surgery or reduction mammoplasty surgery is recommended for patients with very large breasts or only patients who are bothered by feeling that their breasts are too large and wish to reduce the size of them.

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Eyebrow lift surgery or brow lift surgery is recommended for patients have drooping eyebrows, forehead wrinkles, and frown lines between the brows. Patients bothered by the signs of aging in the brow region are good candidates for this operation. They also need to be in good health in order to have this procedure. Heavy smokers need to quit smoking before and after the eyebrow lift surgery. In the same time, patients need to be a positive outlook and have realistic expectations about this procedure and what it can achieve.

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Butt implants or buttock implants are suitable for individuals who desire to enhance the shape or size of their buttocks. Individuals who have square or flat buttocks with little or no curves are also recommended for this procedure. Patients with a deformity or defect in their gluteal region can also benefit from butt implants. Transsexual and transgender individuals may also be good candidates for butt implants in order to achieve a more feminine figure and contour. 

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Cheek implants surgery, also known as cheek augmentation, is recommended for any individuals dissatisfied with the look or shape of their cheeks. Individuals with flat cheeks, with traumatic facial injuries or birth defects usually prefer this surgery. 

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Chin implant surgery, chin augmentation surgery, genioplasty surgery or mentoplasty surgery are recommended for any individual who is dissatisfied with the appearance, shape or size of their chin and its negative effect on their facial balance. 

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Chin reduction surgery or reduction genioplasty is generally recommended for patients in good health and with an oversized or protruding chin or simply patients with inharmonious facial proportions due to their relatively large chins.

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Cleft lip or cleft palate are conditions which are easily visible for parents and a medical team right after the childbirth. Doctors evaluate the degree of cleft lip and palate of the child and prepare a treatment program which usually includes surgery, bone grafts, dental treatment and speech therapy.

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Ear surgery, also known as otoplasty surgery, can correct and improve the proportion, position, or shape of the external ear. 

Candidates for otoplasty surgery or ear surgery usually suffer from one or more of the following: 

• Extremely large ears – known in the medical world as macrotia 
• Extremely small ears – known in the medical world as microtia 
• Protruding ears also called prominent ears which can affect the patient’s confidence 
• Anotia – a very rare condition where the external ear is totally absent 
• Deformities caused by injury or trauma to the external ear 
• Split earlobes which occur gradually due to large or heavy earrings
• Previous otoplasty surgery 

Patients need to be at least 5 years old in order to have ear surgery or otoplasty surgery. Middle ear infections (otitis media) are common in children. Recurrent ear infection may require insertion of ear tubes. However, this type of ear surgery has a different purpose than an otoplasty procedure.

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Blepharoplasty surgery or eyelid surgery is recommended for patients with loose skin in the eyes region, droopy upper eye lids, bags under their eyes or simply patients who wish to rejuvenate their facial appearance.

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Facelift surgery is recommended for patients with: 

• Wrinkles
• Sagging skin
• Jowls
• Eye bags
• Nasolabial folds
• Deep creases around the mouth and nose
• Excess skin under the chin and in the neck

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Patients with creases or defects in the buttocks, face, bust, hands can benefit from fat transfer surgery.

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Gynecomastia removal is recommended for individuals with a growing bust, either due to fatty tissue or enlarged breast tissue.Around 75 to 90% of pubertal gynecomastia cases pass by themselves within 2 years, without the need for any treatment. However, it may cause psychological stress and depression in adolescents. 

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Inverted nipple surgery or inverted nipple correction is recommended for patients with nipple retraction or nipple inversion.

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This procedure is recommended for all women or men who are dissatisfied with the volume, structure or shape of their lips.

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Any patient that is a bit overweight or has certain fat build ups in certain areas such as belly fat can benefit from a liposuction procedure. The most important requirement is that the patient has a stable weight before going in for surgery.

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All men and women who have to sag under their cheeks and eyes are good candidates for mid-face lift. Nevertheless, in order to undergo this cosmetic surgery, the patient should be in good general health. Although this is an almost non-surgical facelift (especially compared to conventional facelift), it can still carry some risks that can be minimized if a patient has good health and does not have significant health conditions. The doctor will give the final decision about whether or not to be a candidate.

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This procedure is recommended to any women wishing to improve their physical appearance or contour their bodies after childbirth.

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Neck lift surgery, also known as platysmaplasty surgery, is recommended for patients with one or more of the following: 

• 
  Excess loose skin or fatty tissue in the neck area 
  Submental fat also is known as a double chin 
  The droopy neck also is known as turkey wattle neck

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A neck liposuction procedure is recommended for patients have with one or more of the following: 

● Double chin 

● Fullness under the chin

● Excess fat in the neck area 

The procedure is also recommended for patients with a turkey wattle neck or patients who wish to rejuvenate the look of their neck area, due to various reasons. Generally, patients with excess fat under the neck or the chin, but the elasticity of the skin is still good, can be good candidates for neck liposuction procedure.

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Gender reassignment surgery is suggested for transgender people.

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Silhouette lift is recommended for patients with sagging skin and wrinkles in neck, eyebrows and mid-face areas, or patients with jaws or eye bags. The procedure is also recommended for patients simply wanting a rejuvenated facial appearance.

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Thigh lifting surgery is recommended, especially for patients who have lost significant amounts of weight by bariatric surgery or exercise. Because these patients usually have a large amount of drooping tissue around the thigh area after their excess weight loss experience. Some patients may have sagging skin around the thighs even without any weight loss. It can only be due to genetics.

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For people with a narrow, boxy, bulbous or broad nose, tip plasty or nose tip surgery is recommended. Patients who are not satisfied with the shape or size of the tip of their noses are good candidates for nose tip plasty if they do not have any condition that would interfere with surgery as a result of a medical examination. Patients with breathing problems caused by the tip of their nose can also benefit from nose tip surgery.

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Individuals that suffered from severe obesity, significant fluctuations in weight or weight gain in the abdomen area can benefit from an abdominoplasty. After significant weight loss, many individuals are left with excess skin and fatty tissue in the abdominal area – which makes them ideal candidates for an abdominoplasty.

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Laminectomy surgery is recommended for patients suffering from painful spinal stenosis caused by large bone spurs, which can compress the spinal nerves.

When different kind of treatments did not succeed, Laminectomy is performed so as to ease the symptoms. Muscular weakness, which is one of the symptoms, can cause difficulties walking and difficulties controlling bladder or bowel. Laminectomy is mostly performed when the patient has spinal stenosis, which is affecting 3 or more vertebrae.

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Anyone suffering from herniated disc pain is a candidate for Microdiscectomy. On the other hand, pain in the lumbar spine or neck does not mean you have a herniated disc problem. Patients need to undergo a few tests such as MRI and doctor's examination to diagnose the problem. Then, other spinal diseases can be eliminated, and the patient can undergo Microdiscectomy.

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Total or partial cystectomy may be required in many medical conditions, such as:
1) UPJ obstruction: Bladder and kidney connection broke down. Generally seen in youths.
2) Bladder cancer: Generally, bladder surgery performed due to bladder cancer. Its symptoms include hematuria (blood in urine), pain while urinating, and frequent urination.
3) Some neurological disorders like cyclothymia may cause partial bladder removal due to its effect on urination patterns. 

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Candidates of nephrectomy include patients who have kidney cancer (mostly early stages) and those who are willing to donate their kidney.

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Individuals with prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia are the typical candidates for prostatectomy operation. As prostatectomy technique is only among the few prostate cancer growth treatment alternatives, it is regularly the only way to stop or hinder the progressed prostatic disease.