Raffles Hospital Singapore

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Primary candidates for CT imaging are people who suffered injuries from accidents. Other groups which benefit from CT scan procedure are suspected cancer patients, whose doctors do not know where the tumour has formed.

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A Chest X-Ray is recommended for individuals that have a chronic cough or fever, chest pain or a shortness of breath. The x-ray can find the reason for these symptoms.

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MRI scanner is used to detect various medical conditions, including:
• Various kinds of cancer, including lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer and others. Additionally, with MRI scan it is possible to estimate what type the cancer is – is it malignant, did it spread to other organs.
• Bone problems.
• Medical conditions related to soft tissue.
• Prostate diseases.
• Spinal injuries, including cervical spine MRI and lumbar spine MRI.

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Recommended for women over 40 as it is recommended that women should get annual mammograms beginning at age 40.

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PET scan is recommended for cases of clinical suspicion, prevention, early diagnosis of neoplastic diseases, identifying and localizing tumours, detecting metastases, measuring the effectiveness of a treatment, to designate the exact location for radiotherapy and many other uses like cardiology, infectious diseases, etc.

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Septoplasty surgery is recommended for patients with a deviated nasal septum that impedes breathing. The septoplasty procedure can also be combined with rhinoplasty if the surgeon considers it appropriate. Septoplasty and rhinoplasty can be performed at the same time in order to improve the aesthetics and functionality of the patient's nose (septorhinoplasty).

Patients with breathing problems caused by enlarged turbinates can have turbinate reduction surgery and septoplasty surgery for a better effect.

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Tonsillectomy surgery is usually performed in the following circumstances:

● The patient suffers from severe, chronic or recurring tonsillitis
● The patients suffers from complications of enlarged tonsils
● Tonsillectomy surgery is recommended if the patient’s tonsils are bleeding
● Antibiotics are ineffective in treating tonsillitis

Tonsillectomy surgery is also performed in order to relieve patients from:

● Cancerous tissue on one or both of the tonsils
● Recurrent bleeding from the tonsils

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Corneal transplant surgery or corneal transplantation has many indications, including:

● Optical – the procedure can improve the patient’s eyesight by removing and replacing any tissue affected by diseases such as keratitis, dystrophy, corneal degeneration, keratoglobus.
● Reconstructive – the procedure is performed to preserve the corneal integrity in patients suffering from descemetoceles or stromal thinning. It can also be used to reconstruct the eye after corneal perforation due to blunt trauma.
● Therapeutic indications – corneal transplant surgery may be performed in order to remove inflamed corneal tissue which cannot be healed through the use of antibiotics.
● Cosmetic indications – corneal transplantation can improve the aesthetics of patients with corneal scars which often leads to a whitening of the eyes.

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Patients suffering from myopia or short-sightedness can benefit greatly from LASIK eye surgery. LASIK is also a solution for patients that suffer from hyperopia and astigmatism.

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Photorefractive Keratectomy or PRK eye surgery is recommended for patients who are:

● Over 18 years old
● Not pregnant at the time of the procedure
● Suffering from myopia with dioptres between -1.00 and -12.00
● Suffering from a stable refraction error – it has not changed for at least 12 months
● Patients with a complete understanding of the procedure and its results
● Patients who have a pupil that’s 6 mm or less

PRK surgery is also recommended for patients suffering from hyperopia or astigmatism.

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Presbyopia treatment is recommended for patients over 40 who rely on glasses or contact lenses for reading purposes, and still have trouble in focusing on smaller objects or text.

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A bone marrow transplant procedure is recommended for patients suffering from:

● Adrenoleukodystrophy
● Acute leukemia
● Aplastic anemia
● Chronic leukemia
● Hodgkin's lymphoma
● Inborn errors of metabolism
● Plasma cell disorders
● Immune deficiencies
● And others

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From several reasons for partial or total stomach evacuation, the most well-known can be exampled as: 
•Tumor 
•Some types of stomach cancer 
•Polyps and ulcers

 •Using partial stomach removal as a weight-loss treatment

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Candidates for heart transplantation are people who suffer from various heart diseases such as constant heart attacks and heart failure and their cardiologists are not optimistic about their chances to survive long. In such a case, a heart transplant procedure may save life and guarantee long years of good quality living with their families.

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This surgery is recommended for females and males who have inguinal hernia repair failure symptoms and were diagnosed with any type of inguinal hernia.

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A Kidney transplant procedure, also known as a renal transplant is recommended for patients suffering from an end-stage renal disease.

There is a wide range of medical conditions that can lead to an end-stage renal disease, including:

● Infections
● Malignant hypertension
● Diabetes mellitus
● Polycystic kidney disease

Diabetes is the most common cause of the end-stage liver disease. Approximately 25% of renal transplant patients suffer from diabetes.

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A liver transplantation procedure is recommended for individuals suffering from end stage liver disease or acute liver failure.

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Pancreas transplant surgery is recommended for patients suffering from Type 1 Diabetes, as these patients are more at risk of developing severe complications from the disease.

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Any woman with a ruptured hymen can benefit from hymenoplasty surgery.

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Hysterectomy surgery is recommended for women suffering from one or more of the following health problems:

● Uterine fibrosis which can cause bleeding, pain or other health problems
● Uterine prolapsed – sliding of the uterus into the vaginal canal
● Cancer of the ovaries, cervix or uterus
● Endometriosis
● Chronic pelvic pain
● Adenomyosis – a thickening of the uterus
● Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Hysterectomy surgery for non cancerous medical issues is only considered after all other treatment options have failed.

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Vaginoplasty surgery or vaginal rejuvenation surgery is recommended for women suffering from: 

● Congenital diseases such as vaginal hypoplasia 
● Physical trauma related to giving birth 

● Vaginal laxity after childbirth
● Cancer 

● Sexual dysfunction because of the separating of muscles and lack of tone
● Chronic labial irritation from tight clothing, sports or sex n.

Transgender candidates can also benefit from a vaginoplasty procedure, as part of their sex transition.

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An article by Aman Dua and Kapil Dua reveals that hair transplant procedures are not recommended for patients suffering from spot baldness, patients with insufficient hair at the donor site (the back of the head) or female patients suffering from diffuse pattern balding, as this condition tends to affect the donor area as well, making hair follicles unusable.

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IVF is recommended for patients or couples that cannot or are having troubles in conceiving naturally. Reduced fertility or ovarian function in women over the age of 40, blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, uterine fibroids, male infertility, such as low sperm count or abnormalities in sperm shape or unexplained infertility are the main reasons to start an IVF process. Same-sex couples and single individuals are also good candidates for IVF treatment. 

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Even though all the females can have a health assessment, specifically it is highly recommended for the patients who are over 40. Yet, it can be beneficial for female patients under 40 to have a health checkup so as to keep track of their wellbeing. 

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It is recommended to have health checkups once a year regularly so as to evaluate one's general medical condition. Also, patients who are experiencing unexplained or nonspecific symptoms should have a health assessment as well. In addition, a health checkup is frequently performed before the employment selection in order to understand if a person's health condition is eligible for the job or before applying for life insurance or health insurance.

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Although it’s not a relatively new procedure, DBS can only be used in certain cases where medication therapy has failed to alleviate symptoms. DBS can be used to treat the following conditions:

● Parkinson’s disease
● Essential tremor
● Dystonia
● Chronic pain
● Major depression
● Obsessive compulsive disorder

Deep brain stimulation is also currently being tested as treatment for the following conditions:

● Epilepsy
● Tourette syndrome

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Brachytherapy treatment is recommended for patients suffering from the following types of cancer:

● Eye cancer
● Brain cancer
● Breast cancer
● Bile duct cancer
● Cervical cancer
● Endometrial cancer
● Head and neck cancer
● Lung cancer
● Esophageal cancer
● Pancreatic cancer
● Prostate cancer
● Skin cancer
● Rectal cancer
● Vaginal cancer

Brachytherapy treatment can be used alone or with cancer surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

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Chemotherapy treatment is recommended for patients suffering from cancer or other diseases. Sometimes chemotherapy drugs may be administered before or after cancer surgery in order to eliminate any remnants of the diseased cancer cells.

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Gamma knife surgery is recommended for patients suffering from the following conditions:

● Trigeminal neuralgia
● Pineal region tumors
● Skull base tumors
● Craniopharyngiomas
● Pituitary adenomas
● Gliomas
● Acoustic neuromas
● Meningiomas
● Small or medium-volume intracranial arteriovenous malformations
● Metastatic tumors

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To the most common symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma belong swollen lymph nodes, problems with appetite or even a weight loss. Apart from them, a person suffering from Hodgkin’s lymphoma will most probably experience night sweats as well as an itchy skin. However, there is no way to make a diagnosis other than a biopsy.

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All the people with lung cancer symptoms and diagnosis made by oncologist are candidates for cancer treatment. Symptoms of lung cancer include chronic coughing, change in coughing (in case you are a smoker and cough from time to time as a result of your addiction), change in voice tone and weight as well as bone pain, which may be a result of lung cancer spreading to backbones.

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Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treatment candidates are all people who show signs of suffering from this disease and underwent examination by oncologist which reaffirmed the diagnosis. Most common non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms include:
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Night sweats

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An oncology consultation is recommended for patients diagnosed with cancer.

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Radiation therapy or radiotherapy treatment is recommended for patients suffering from cancer or tumours. Radiation therapy may also be used before or after cancer surgery or in conjunction with chemotherapy, depending on the type of cancer the patient suffers from.

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Bunion surgery is required when other types of treatment for bunions are ineffective. Only early stages of foot bunion are curable through a bunion treatment without surgery. In later stages, bunion surgery procedure is deemed unavoidable.
If you feel foot pain and cannot help it on your own, it is crucial for your foot health to seek help from a podiatrist (foot doctor).

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Carpal tunnel release surgery is recommended for patients suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome.

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Hip replacement surgery is recommended for individuals suffering from one or more of the following:

● Osteoarthritis
● Rheumatoid arthritis
● Avascular necrosis
● Hip fractures
● Certain bone tumours
● Traumatic arthritis

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Knee arthroscopy is used to localize, identify, and, if it is possible, to deal with knee injuries. People experiencing pain or abnormal changes in their knees are all eligible to undergo knee arthroscopy if orthopedist cannot identify the condition without it. Knee problems possible to be identified and dealt with the knee arthroscopy are:
• torn meniscus
• Cysts in one’s knee
• Fractures appearing in the knee bones
• Torn cartilage pieces
And many others.

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As it was mentioned, sportsmen often suffer ACL injuries or other types of knee ligament injury due to extreme pressure they put on ligaments of the knee. However, other people may suffer from ligament tear as well. Orthopedic doctor during the first visit examines the knee and decides for knee arthroscopy in order to assess the damage and propose suitable knee injury treatment.

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Knee replacement surgery is recommended for patients suffering from:

● Rheumatoid arthritis
● Psoriatic arthritis
● Knee structure deformity from trauma or disease
● Ligament tears
● Cartilage tears
● Meniscus tears

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To meniscus tear symptoms belong pain, popping and swelling. Inability to properly move the knee is also counted among meniscus tear symptoms. For doctors looking for torn meniscus, MRI remains the best choice among diagnostic methods.
Candidates for torn meniscus surgery are usually sportsmen who can’t allow themselves a long meniscus tear recovery time without surgery and who do not want to risk that not operated meniscus injury will lead to limiting their physical abilities. For this reason, they decide for meniscus surgery in the form of arthroscopic surgery.

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Most common candidates for a rotator cuff tear treatment are athletes practicing sports such as volleyball, polo, baseball, rugby, and others. This is because those disciplines put an emphasis on using arms and therefore create convenient circumstances for shoulder tendonitis as well as rotator cuff tear.
Shoulder tendonitis is a medical condition in which shoulder tendons often impact against each other, what results in micro damage which may lead with time to rotator cuff tear.

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Candidates for shoulder arthroscopy procedure are people with shoulder pain of unknown origin or those who suffered shoulder injuries which are possible to be repaired with arthroscopic surgery.

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Brachioplasty surgery, also known as arm lift surgery, is recommended for any patient dissatisfied with the look or shape of their upper arms, especially for those with significant upper arm skin laxity.

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Body lift surgery or body contouring surgery is usually recommended for patients who have undergone bariatric surgery or lost a significant amount of weight. Any individual with excess sagging skin and tissue around different parts of the body can benefit from body contouring surgery or body lift surgery. The procedure can also help individuals with cellulite, especially if they cannot get rid of cellulite with the alternative treatments such as regular exercises, firming body lift kits or body creams such as Clarins body lift cellulite control. 

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Brazilian butt lift or bbl surgery is recommended for individuals dissatisfied with the size or shape of buttocks. This type of procedure usually improves the size of the buttocks area but also the curvature, as the surgeon can inject the harvested fat in a precise manner, leading to a more aesthetically pleasing result.

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Mastopexy is recommended for any patient is bothered by the feeling that their breast has lost shape and volume. 

Breast sagging or ptosis is part of the natural aging process, but several factors influence the degree to which breasts sag. 

There are several types of ptosis, depending on the severity according to Regnault's classification published by Paula Regnault in 1976: 

• Grade I – Mild ptosis
• Grade II – Moderate ptosis
• Grade III – Advanced ptosis
• Grade IV – Severe ptosis

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Breast reduction surgery or reduction mammoplasty surgery is recommended for patients with very large breasts or only patients who are bothered by feeling that their breasts are too large and wish to reduce the size of them.

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Eyebrow lift surgery or brow lift surgery is recommended for patients have drooping eyebrows, forehead wrinkles, and frown lines between the brows. Patients bothered by the signs of aging in the brow region are good candidates for this operation. They also need to be in good health in order to have this procedure. Heavy smokers need to quit smoking before and after the eyebrow lift surgery. In the same time, patients need to be a positive outlook and have realistic expectations about this procedure and what it can achieve.

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Butt implants or buttock implants are suitable for individuals who desire to enhance the shape or size of their buttocks. Individuals who have square or flat buttocks with little or no curves are also recommended for this procedure. Patients with a deformity or defect in their gluteal region can also benefit from butt implants. Transsexual and transgender individuals may also be good candidates for butt implants in order to achieve a more feminine figure and contour. 

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Cheek implants surgery, also known as cheek augmentation, is recommended for any individuals dissatisfied with the look or shape of their cheeks. Individuals with flat cheeks, with traumatic facial injuries or birth defects usually prefer this surgery. 

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Chin implant surgery, chin augmentation surgery, genioplasty surgery or mentoplasty surgery are recommended for any individual who is dissatisfied with the appearance, shape or size of their chin and its negative effect on their facial balance. 

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Chin reduction surgery or reduction genioplasty is generally recommended for patients in good health and with an oversized or protruding chin or simply patients with inharmonious facial proportions due to their relatively large chins.

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Cleft lip or cleft palate are conditions which are easily visible for parents and a medical team right after the childbirth. Doctors evaluate the degree of cleft lip and palate of the child and prepare a treatment program which usually includes surgery, bone grafts, dental treatment and speech therapy.

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Ear surgery, also known as otoplasty surgery, can correct and improve the proportion, position, or shape of the external ear. 

Candidates for otoplasty surgery or ear surgery usually suffer from one or more of the following: 

• Extremely large ears – known in the medical world as macrotia 
• Extremely small ears – known in the medical world as microtia 
• Protruding ears also called prominent ears which can affect the patient’s confidence 
• Anotia – a very rare condition where the external ear is totally absent 
• Deformities caused by injury or trauma to the external ear 
• Split earlobes which occur gradually due to large or heavy earrings
• Previous otoplasty surgery 

Patients need to be at least 5 years old in order to have ear surgery or otoplasty surgery. Middle ear infections (otitis media) are common in children. Recurrent ear infection may require insertion of ear tubes. However, this type of ear surgery has a different purpose than an otoplasty procedure.

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Blepharoplasty surgery or eyelid surgery is recommended for patients with loose skin in the eyes region, droopy upper eye lids, bags under their eyes or simply patients who wish to rejuvenate their facial appearance.

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Facelift surgery is recommended for patients with: 

• Wrinkles
• Sagging skin
• Jowls
• Eye bags
• Nasolabial folds
• Deep creases around the mouth and nose
• Excess skin under the chin and in the neck

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Patients with creases or defects in the buttocks, face, bust, hands can benefit from fat transfer surgery.

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Gynecomastia removal is recommended for individuals with a growing bust, either due to fatty tissue or enlarged breast tissue.Around 75 to 90% of pubertal gynecomastia cases pass by themselves within 2 years, without the need for any treatment. However, it may cause psychological stress and depression in adolescents. 

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Inverted nipple surgery or inverted nipple correction is recommended for patients with nipple retraction or nipple inversion.

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This procedure is recommended for all women or men who are dissatisfied with the volume, structure or shape of their lips.

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Any patient that is a bit overweight or has certain fat build ups in certain areas such as belly fat can benefit from a liposuction procedure. The most important requirement is that the patient has a stable weight before going in for surgery.

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All men and women who have to sag under their cheeks and eyes are good candidates for mid-face lift. Nevertheless, in order to undergo this cosmetic surgery, the patient should be in good general health. Although this is an almost non-surgical facelift (especially compared to conventional facelift), it can still carry some risks that can be minimized if a patient has good health and does not have significant health conditions. The doctor will give the final decision about whether or not to be a candidate.

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This procedure is recommended to any women wishing to improve their physical appearance or contour their bodies after childbirth.

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Neck lift surgery, also known as platysmaplasty surgery, is recommended for patients with one or more of the following: 

• 
  Excess loose skin or fatty tissue in the neck area 
  Submental fat also is known as a double chin 
  The droopy neck also is known as turkey wattle neck

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A neck liposuction procedure is recommended for patients have with one or more of the following: 

● Double chin 

● Fullness under the chin

● Excess fat in the neck area 

The procedure is also recommended for patients with a turkey wattle neck or patients who wish to rejuvenate the look of their neck area, due to various reasons. Generally, patients with excess fat under the neck or the chin, but the elasticity of the skin is still good, can be good candidates for neck liposuction procedure.

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A sex change operation is recommended for transgender individuals.

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Silhouette lift is recommended for patients with sagging skin and wrinkles in neck, eyebrows and mid-face areas, or patients with jaws or eye bags. The procedure is also recommended for patients simply wanting a rejuvenated facial appearance.

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Thigh lifting surgery is recommended, especially for patients who have lost significant amounts of weight by bariatric surgery or exercise. Because these patients usually have a large amount of drooping tissue around the thigh area after their excess weight loss experience. Some patients may have sagging skin around the thighs even without any weight loss. It can only be due to genetics.

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For people with a narrow, boxy, bulbous or broad nose, tip plasty or nose tip surgery is recommended. Patients who are not satisfied with the shape or size of the tip of their noses are good candidates for nose tip plasty if they do not have any condition that would interfere with surgery as a result of a medical examination. Patients with breathing problems caused by the tip of their nose can also benefit from nose tip surgery.

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Individuals that suffered from severe obesity, significant fluctuations in weight or weight gain in the abdomen area can benefit from an abdominoplasty. After significant weight loss, many individuals are left with excess skin and fatty tissue in the abdominal area – which makes them ideal candidates for an abdominoplasty.

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Laminectomy surgery is recommended for patients suffering from painful spinal stenosis caused by large bone spurs which can compress the spinal nerves.

The procedure is only performed when other treatment options failed to relieve the symptoms. Other symptoms besides pain can include muscular weakness which makes it difficult to walk and loss of bladder or bowel control. Most patients turn to laminectomy surgery when 3 or more vertebrae are affected by spinal stenosis.

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All patients with herniated disc pain are candidates for microdiscectomy. However, a pain in lumbar spine or (sometimes) neck is not a sufficient indicator of herniated disc problem. It is necessary to undergo a series of tests, including MRI and doctor’s examination. Only then, the possibility of other spine problems can be excluded and the patient can prepare for microdiscectomy.

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There are many medical conditions which may require partial or total cystectomy, including:
•UPJ obstruction – the connection between kidney and bladder becomes disrupted. This problem appears usually in younger patients.
•Bladder cancer – it is the most common reason for bladder surgery. Bladder cancer symptoms include hematuria (blood in urine), pain during urination and frequent urination.
•Some neurological problems such as cyclothymia may affect patient’s urination patterns and in the long run become a reason for partial bladder removal.

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Candidates of nephrectomy include patients who have kidney cancer (mostly early stages) and those who are willing to donate their kidney.

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Individuals with prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia are the typical candidates for prostatectomy operation. As prostatectomy technique is only among the few prostate cancer growth treatment alternatives, it is regularly the only way to stop or hinder the progressed prostatic disease.